It is increasingly recognized that it is both possible and highly advantageous to address future needs by transitioning to systems of food production that are based on effective use of ecosystem services, in ways that are regenerative and minimize negative impacts. In managing agricultural systems through an ecological approach, it is often possible to build on beneficial biological interactions and find positive synergies. FAO’s Strategic Framework, through its Strategic Objective 2 – to increase and improve the provision of goods and services from agriculture, forestry and fisheries in a sustainable manner – recognizes that production systems can be managed to provide multiple benefits. One area of synergy that merits closer investigation is that of weed and pollination management. These two aspects of agriculture consist of a multitude of interactions, both beneficial and harmful for the farmer and agriculture in general. If the practices applied to effectively control weeds can also benefit pollinators, there may be multiple benefits. Another area of positive synergy is related to the practices enhancing populations of pollinators and favoring natural enemies. Under ecological management, some aspects of the farming system that are conventionally seen as problems can become assets. Animal waste, for example, is a tremendous problem in intensive animal production systems but becomes a valuable asset when crops and livestock are better integrated. Similarly, weeds in agricultural fields do provide resources to both pollinators and natural enemies, and in this respect can be better managed to provide such resources, while still managing to ensure that they do not impact crop yields.
