Agricultural lands occupy 37% of the earth's land surface. Agriculture accounts for 52 and 84% of global anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Agricultural soils may also act as a sink or source for CO, but the net flux is small. Many agricultural practices can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the most prominent of which are improved cropland and grazing land management and restoration of degraded lands and cultivated organic soils. Lower, but still, the significant mitigation potential is provided by water and rice management, set-aside, land-use change and agroforestry, livestock management, and manure management. The global technical mitigation potential from agriculture (excluding fossil fuel offsets from biomass) by 2030, considering all gases, is estimated to be approximately 5500–6000 Mt CO-eq. yr, with economic potentials of approximately 1500–1600, 2500–2700, and 4000–4300 Mt CO-eq. yr at carbon prices of up to 20, up to 50, and up to 100 US$ t CO-eq., respectively. In addition, GHG emissions could be reduced by the substitution of fossil fuels for energy production by agricultural feedstocks (e.g. crop residues, dung, and dedicated energy crops). The economic mitigation potential of biomass energy from agriculture is estimated to be 640, 2240, and 16 000 Mt CO-eq. yr at 0–20, 0–50 and 0–100 US$ t CO-eq., respectively.
