This study measured part of the in-hive pesticide exposome by analyzing residues from live in-hive bees, stored pollen, and wax in migratory colonies over time and compared exposure to colony health. We summarized the pesticide burden using three different additive methods: (1) the hazard quotient (HQ), an estimate of pesticide exposure risk, (2) the total number of pesticide residues, and (3) the number of relevant residues. Despite being simplistic, these models attempt to summarize potential risks from multiple contaminations in real-world contexts. Colonies performing pollination services were subject to increased pesticide exposure compared to honey production and holding yards. We found clear links between an increase in the total number of products in wax and colony mortality.
