Context To safeguard insect pollinators and their pollination services, we need to understand how landscape structure regulates the distribution of resources that sustain pollinator populations. However, evidence of how pollinator communities benefit from the variety of resources distributed across different habitat types is scarce. Objectives To explore complementary resource pro-vision, we conducted a field study to examine the resources available to pollinators in fruit orchards and woody semi-natural habitats. Methods We studied 13 landscapes containing both habitat types in Flanders, Belgium. In every habitat element, we surveyed nesting resources, floral resources, and wild pollinators (i.e. wild bees and hoverflies) during three consecutive time periods in the season (once before- and twice after mass-flower-ing of the fruit orchards). Results We concluded that the composition of nesting resources for wild bees was clearly different between both habitat types. Woody semi-natural habitat also provided more diversity- and a higher cover of floral resources compared to fruit orchards. In addition, the composition of these floral resources become more and more distinct between the two habitat types as the season progressed. Based on the plant-pollinator network we identified key plant species for inclusion in management schemes to support pollinators. Conclusions Our study highlights that fruit orchard sand woody semi-natural habitat provides a set of different, complementary resources during the flight season, for pollinating insects. Due to the high diversity and abundance of resources in woody semi-natural habitats, the conservation of woody semi-natural habitat is essential for the support of pollinators in agricultural landscapes.
