Forest ecosystems, including natural forests, managed forests, agroforestry systems, and urban and peri-urban forests, can be considered as multifunctional Nature-based Solutions (NbS) since they deliver key ecosystem services to people. The concept of NbS as an “umbrella” framework for several ecosystem-based approaches, categorized by the IUCN as protective (e.g., area-based conservation), restorative (e.g., ecological restoration), infrastructure-based (e.g., green infrastructure), management-based, or issue-specific (e.g., ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction) [1]. All of these approaches rely on biodiversity and ecosystem services to address global societal challenges, simultaneously providing environmental, social, and economic benefits, and helping communities build resilience [2].
