Vietnam harbors a high level of biological diversity in the world. However, Viet Nam is also known as one of the countries having a high demand for biological resource use in Asia. The illegal trade and consumption of wildlife products have become a major threat to biodiversity. The consequences of unsustainable use in recent decades have led to a rapid population decline many animal and plant species particularly endangered species and many species are now facing extinction. A total of 179 species of animals and 94 species of plants was listed in the governmental decree as endangered and with a high priority of conservation concern..  A number of large mammals or flagship species have become extinct or their populations have been severely declined due to overexploitation and illegal collecting, for example, Javan Rhinoceros (extinct), Indochinese Tiger, Gray Gaur, Wild Buffalo, Golden Deer, and Eld’s Deer. Viet Nam has also known as an important hub and hotspot in Southeast Asia for the consumption of plant and wildlife products, and a transit point for the illegal wildlife trade in Asia. Thousands of wildlife animals (more than 20,000 tons per year) have been exploited and consumed for traditional medicine or trade purposes in Viet Nam. This article focuses on the challenges of prosecution and crimes relating to the wildlife trade in Viet Nam. It also provides an analytical framework for assessing the impact of wildlife trade and criminal status relating to wildlife in Viet Nam on conservation and local livelihoods.