Abstract Carbon finance projects that protect tropical forests could support both nature conservation and climate mitigation goals. Global demand for nature-based carbon credits is outpacing their supply, due partly to gaps in knowledge needed to inform and prioritize investment decisions. Here, we show that at current carbon market prices the protection of tropical forests can generate investible carbon amounting to 2.4 (±1.1) GtCO2e yr-1 globally. We further show that financially viable carbon projects could generate return-on-investment amounting to $77.5by-1 in net present value (Asia-Pacific: $38.4by-1; Americas: $33.4by-1; Africa: $5.7by-1). However, we also find that ~75% (1.24 billion ha) of forest carbon sites would be financially unviable for failing to break even over the project lifetime. From a conservation perspective, unless carbon prices increase in the future, it is imperative to implement other conservation interventions, in addition to carbon finance, to safeguard carbon stocks and biodiversity in vulnerable forests.
